Add ASAN CI build workflow

[Alex-PLACET]

Description

Add ASAN tests and fix ASAN errors

[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will not alter performance

⚠️ Different runtime environments detected

Some benchmarks with significant performance changes were compared across different runtime environments,
which may affect the accuracy of the results.

Open the report in CodSpeed to investigate

⚡ 1 improved benchmark
❌ 4 regressed benchmarks
✅ 250 untouched benchmarks

Warning

Please fix the performance issues or acknowledge them on CodSpeed.

Performance Changes

	Mode	Benchmark	BASE	HEAD	Efficiency
❌	Simulation	xshape_initializer[std\:\:array<std\:\:size_t, 4>]	151.7 ns	180.8 ns	-16.13%
❌	Simulation	xexpression_cube[256]	608.7 µs	709 µs	-14.15%
❌	Simulation	xexpression_cube[64]	41.6 µs	48.1 µs	-13.4%
❌	Simulation	xexpression_cube[32]	13.2 µs	15 µs	-11.64%
⚡	Simulation	xshape_access[std\:\:array<std\:\:size_t, 4>]	154.4 ns	125.3 ns	+23.28%

Tip

Investigate this regression by commenting @codspeedbot fix this regression on this PR, or directly use the CodSpeed MCP with your agent.

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_{Comparing Alex-PLACET:add_asan_ci_build (34032e5) with master (aa2b3ef)}

[JohanMabille]

I don't think we should add this check here, since it severely hurts performance. Besides, this class is a "private" tool used for implementing iterators, not a public API, so we can guarantee in out code that we never call this operator when m_it is null. Besides, this behavior is consistent with the implementation of standard iterators:

using vector_type = std::vector<int>;
vector_type::iterator it;
std::cout << *it << std::endl; // Segfault